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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
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One of the biggest challenges to getting started with embedded devices is that you
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just can't install a copy of Linux and expect to be able to compile a firmware.
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can't just install a copy of Linux and expect to be able to compile a firmware.
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Even if you did remember to install a compiler and every development tool offered,
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you still wouldn't have the basic set of tools needed to produce a firmware image.
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The embedded device represents an entirely new hardware platform, which is
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@ -9,25 +9,24 @@ your embedded platform, and then use it to compile a basic Linux distribution to
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run on your device.
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The process of creating a cross compiler can be tricky, it's not something that's
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regularly attempted and so the there's a certain amount of mystery and black magic
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regularly attempted and so there's a certain amount of mystery and black magic
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associated with it. In many cases when you're dealing with embedded devices you'll
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be provided with a binary copy of a compiler and basic libraries rather than
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instructions for creating your own -- it's a time saving step but at the same time
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often means you'll be using a rather dated set. Likewise, it's also common to be
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provided with a patched copy of the Linux kernel from the board or chip vendor,
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often means you'll be using a rather dated set of tools. Likewise, it's also common
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to be provided with a patched copy of the Linux kernel from the board or chip vendor,
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but this is also dated and it can be difficult to spot exactly what has been
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changed to make the kernel run on the embedded platform.
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modified to make the kernel run on the embedded platform.
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\subsection{Building an image}
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OpenWrt takes a different approach to building a firmware, downloading, patching
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and compiling everything from scratch, including the cross compiler. Or to put it
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OpenWrt takes a different approach to building a firmware; downloading, patching
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and compiling everything from scratch, including the cross compiler. To put it
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in simpler terms, OpenWrt doesn't contain any executables or even sources, it's an
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automated system for downloading the sources, patching them to work with the given
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platform and compiling them correctly for the platform. What this means is that
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platform and compiling them correctly for that platform. What this means is that
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just by changing the template, you can change any step in the process.
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As an example, if a new kernel is released, a simple change to one of the Makefiles
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will download the latest kernel, patch it to run on the embedded platform and produce
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a new firmware image -- there's no work to be done trying to track down an unmodified
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@ -37,7 +36,7 @@ just apply to the kernel, but to anything included with OpenWrt -- It's this one
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simple understated concept which is what allows OpenWrt to stay on the bleeding edge
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with the latest compilers, latest kernels and latest applications.
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So let's take a look at OpenWrt and see how this all works
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So let's take a look at OpenWrt and see how this all works.
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\subsubsection{Download openwrt}
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@ -46,7 +45,7 @@ This article refers to the "Kamikaze" branch of OpenWrt, which can be downloaded
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subversion using the following command:
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\begin{Verbatim}
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svn co https://svn.openwrt.org/openwrt/trunk kamikaze
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$ svn co https://svn.openwrt.org/openwrt/trunk kamikaze
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\end{Verbatim}
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Additionally, there's a trac interface on \href{https://dev.openwrt.org/}{https://dev.openwrt.org/}
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@ -58,14 +57,14 @@ which can be used to monitor svn commits and browse the sources.
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There are four key directories in the base:
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\begin{itemize}
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\item tools
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\item toolchain
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\item package
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\item target
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\item \texttt{tools}
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\item \texttt{toolchain}
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\item \texttt{package}
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\item \texttt{target}
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\end{itemize}
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\texttt{tools} and \texttt{toolchain} refer to common tools which will be
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used to build the firmware image and the compiler and c library.
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used to build the firmware image, the compiler, and the c library.
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The result of this is three new directories, \texttt{tool\_build}, which is a temporary
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directory for building the target independent tools, \texttt{toolchain\_build\_\textit{<arch>}}
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which is used for building the toolchain for a specific architecture, and
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@ -73,9 +72,29 @@ which is used for building the toolchain for a specific architecture, and
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You won't need to do anything with the toolchain directory unless you intend to
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add a new version of one of the components above.
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\begin{itemize}
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\item \texttt{tool\_build}
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\item \texttt{toolchain\_build\_\textit{<arch>}}
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\end{itemize}
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\texttt{package} is for exactly that -- packages. In an OpenWrt firmware, almost everything
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is an \texttt{.ipk}, a software package which can be added to the firmware to provide new
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features or removed to save space.
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features or removed to save space. Note that packages are also maintained outside of the main
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trunk and can be obtained from subversion at the following location:
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\begin{Verbatim}
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$ svn co https://svn.openwrt.org/openwrt/packages ../packages
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\end{Verbatim}
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Those packages can be used to extend the functionality of the build system and need to be
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symlinked into the main trunk. Once you do that, the packages will show up in the menu for
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configuration. From kamikaze you would do something like this:
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\begin{Verbatim}
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$ ls
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kamikaze packages
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$ ln -s packages/net/nmap kamikaze/package/nmap
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\end{Verbatim}
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\texttt{target} refers to the embedded platform, this contains items which are specific to
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a specific embedded platform. Of particular interest here is the "\texttt{target/linux}"
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@ -87,6 +106,10 @@ Both the target and package steps will use the directory "\texttt{build\_\textit
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as a temporary directory for compiling. Additionally, anything downloaded by the toolchain,
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target or package steps will be placed in the "\texttt{dl}" directory.
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\begin{itemize}
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\item \texttt{build\_\textit{<arch>}}
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\item \texttt{dl}
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\end{itemize}
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|
\subsubsection{Building OpenWrt}
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@ -96,7 +119,11 @@ simple enough that an inexperienced end user can easily build his or her own cus
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Running the command "\texttt{make menuconfig}" will bring up OpenWrt's configuration menu
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|
screen, through this menu you can select which platform you're targeting, which versions of
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|
the toolchain you want to use to build and what packages you want to install into the
|
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firmware image. Similar to the linux kernel config, almost every option has three choices,
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|
firmware image. Note that it will also check to make sure you have the basic dependencies for it
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|
to run correctly. If that fails, you will need to install some more tools in your local environment
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|
before you can begin.
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Similar to the linux kernel config, almost every option has three choices,
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\texttt{y/m/n} which are represented as follows:
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\begin{itemize}
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@ -137,7 +164,6 @@ and packages will be in the "\texttt{bin/packages}" directory.
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\subsection{Creating packages}
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|
One of the things that we've attempted to do with OpenWrt's template system is make it
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incredibly easy to port software to OpenWrt. If you look at a typical package directory
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|
in OpenWrt you'll find two things:
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@ -159,49 +185,53 @@ simplifies the entire ordeal.
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|
Here for example, is \texttt{package/bridge/Makefile}:
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|
\begin{Verbatim}[frame=single,numbers=left]
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|
|
#
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|
|
# Copyright (C) 2006 OpenWrt.org
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|
|
#
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|
|
# This is free software, licensed under the GNU General Public License v2.
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|
|
# See /LICENSE for more information.
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|
|
#
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|
|
# $Id: Makefile 5624 2006-11-23 00:29:07Z nbd $
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|
|
include $(TOPDIR)/rules.mk
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|
PKG_NAME:=bridge
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|
PKG_VERSION:=1.0.6
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|
PKG_RELEASE:=1
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|
PKG_BUILD_DIR:=$(BUILD_DIR)/bridge-utils-$(PKG_VERSION)
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|
PKG_SOURCE:=bridge-utils-$(PKG_VERSION).tar.gz
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|
|
PKG_SOURCE_URL:=@SF/bridge
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|
|
PKG_MD5SUM:=9b7dc52656f5cbec846a7ba3299f73bd
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|
|
PKG_CAT:=zcat
|
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|
PKG_BUILD_DIR:=$(BUILD_DIR)/bridge-utils-$(PKG_VERSION)
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|
|
include $(INCLUDE_DIR)/package.mk
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|
define Package/bridge
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|
|
SECTION:=base
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|
|
CATEGORY:=Network
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|
|
DEFAULT:=y
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|
|
SECTION:=net
|
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|
|
CATEGORY:=Base system
|
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|
|
TITLE:=Ethernet bridging configuration utility
|
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|
|
DESCRIPTION:=\
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|
|
Manage ethernet bridging: a way to connect networks together to \\\
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|
|
form a larger network.
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|
|
URL:=http://bridge.sourceforge.net/
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|
|
endef
|
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|
|
define Package/bridge/description
|
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|
|
Ethernet bridging configuration utility
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|
|
Manage ethernet bridging; a way to connect networks together
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|
|
to form a larger network.
|
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|
|
|
endef
|
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|
|
define Build/Configure
|
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|
|
|
$(call Build/Configure/Default, \
|
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|
|
|
--with-linux-headers=$(LINUX_DIR))
|
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|
|
|
$(call Build/Configure/Default, \
|
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|
|
|
--with-linux-headers="$(LINUX_DIR)" \
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|
|
|
)
|
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|
|
|
endef
|
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|
|
|
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|
|
define Package/bridge/install
|
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|
|
install -m0755 -d $(1)/usr/sbin
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|
|
install -m0755 $(PKG_BUILD_DIR)/brctl/brctl \
|
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|
|
$(1)/usr/sbin/
|
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|
|
|
$(INSTALL_DIR) $(1)/usr/sbin
|
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|
|
|
$(INSTALL_BIN) $(PKG_BUILD_DIR)/brctl/brctl $(1)/usr/sbin/
|
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|
|
|
endef
|
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|
|
|
$(eval $(call BuildPackage,bridge))
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|
|
\end{Verbatim}
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|
As you can see, there's not much work to be done; everything is hidden in other makefiles
|
|
|
|
|
and abstracted to the point where you only need to specify a few variables.
|
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|
|
|
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|
|
@ -212,8 +242,6 @@ and abstracted to the point where you only need to specify a few variables.
|
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|
|
The upstream version number that we're downloading
|
|
|
|
|
\item \texttt{PKG\_RELEASE} \\
|
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|
|
|
The version of this package Makefile
|
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|
|
|
\item \texttt{PKG\_BUILD\_DIR} \\
|
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|
|
Where to compile the package
|
|
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|
|
\item \texttt{PKG\_SOURCE} \\
|
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|
|
The filename of the original sources
|
|
|
|
|
\item \texttt{PKG\_SOURCE\_URL} \\
|
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|
|
@ -222,6 +250,8 @@ and abstracted to the point where you only need to specify a few variables.
|
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|
|
|
A checksum to validate the download
|
|
|
|
|
\item \texttt{PKG\_CAT} \\
|
|
|
|
|
How to decompress the sources (zcat, bzcat, unzip)
|
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|
|
|
\item \texttt{PKG\_BUILD\_DIR} \\
|
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|
|
Where to compile the package
|
|
|
|
|
\end{itemize}
|
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|
|
|
|
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|
|
The \texttt{PKG\_*} variables define where to download the package from;
|
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|
|
@ -231,7 +261,7 @@ The md5sum is used to verify the package was downloaded correctly and
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|
|
uncompressed into \texttt{\$(BUILD\_DIR)}.
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
At the bottom of the file is where the real magic happens, "BuildPackage" is a macro
|
|
|
|
|
setup by the earlier include statements. BuildPackage only takes one argument directly --
|
|
|
|
|
set up by the earlier include statements. BuildPackage only takes one argument directly --
|
|
|
|
|
the name of the package to be built, in this case "\texttt{bridge}". All other information
|
|
|
|
|
is taken from the define blocks. This is a way of providing a level of verbosity, it's
|
|
|
|
|
inherently clear what the contents of the \texttt{description} template in
|
|
|
|
@ -278,12 +308,21 @@ directly as the Nth argument to \texttt{BuildPackage}.
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\textbf{\texttt{Package/\textit{<name>}/install}:} \\
|
|
|
|
|
A set of commands to copy files out of the compiled source and into the ipkg
|
|
|
|
|
which is represented by the \texttt{\$(1)} directory.
|
|
|
|
|
which is represented by the \texttt{\$(1)} directory. Note that there are currently
|
|
|
|
|
3 defined install macros:
|
|
|
|
|
\begin{itemize}
|
|
|
|
|
\item \texttt{INSTALL\_DIR} \\
|
|
|
|
|
install -d -m0755
|
|
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|
|
\item \texttt{INSTALL\_BIN} \\
|
|
|
|
|
install -m0755
|
|
|
|
|
\item \texttt{INSTALL\_DATA} \\
|
|
|
|
|
install -m0644
|
|
|
|
|
\end{itemize}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The reason that some of the defines are prefixed by "\texttt{Package/\textit{<name>}}"
|
|
|
|
|
and others are simply "\texttt{Build}" is because of the possibility of generating
|
|
|
|
|
multiple packages from a single source. OpenWrt works under the assumption of one
|
|
|
|
|
source per package makefile, but you can split that source into as many packages as
|
|
|
|
|
source per package Makefile, but you can split that source into as many packages as
|
|
|
|
|
desired. Since you only need to compile the sources once, there's one global set of
|
|
|
|
|
"\texttt{Build}" defines, but you can add as many "Package/<name>" defines as you want
|
|
|
|
|
by adding extra calls to \texttt{BuildPackage} -- see the dropbear package for an example.
|
|
|
|
@ -318,3 +357,11 @@ when satisfied, copy the patched sources elsewhere and diff them with the unpatc
|
|
|
|
|
sources. A warning though - if you go modify anything under \texttt{package/\textit{<name>}}
|
|
|
|
|
it will remove the old sources and unpack a fresh copy.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Other useful targets include:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin{itemize}
|
|
|
|
|
\item \texttt{make package/\textit{<name>}-prepare V=99}
|
|
|
|
|
\item \texttt{make package/\textit{<name>}-compile V=99}
|
|
|
|
|
\item \texttt{make package/\textit{<name>}-configure V=99}
|
|
|
|
|
\end{itemize}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|